Cervical cancer is one of Cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (the organ connecting the uterus and vagina). Estimated new cases and deaths from cervical (uterine cervix) cancer in the United States in 2008:
New cases: 11,070
Deaths: 3,870
Cervical cancer is malignant cancer of the cervix uteri or cervical area. Treatment of high grade changes can prevent the development of cancer.Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary factor in the development of nearly all cases of cervical cancer. HPV vaccine effective against the two strains of HPV that cause the most cervical cancer has been licensed in the U.S. and the EU. These two HPV strains together are currently responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers.
The early stages of cervical cancer may be completely asymptomatic. The most important risk factor in the development of cervical cancer is infection with a high-risk strain of human papillomavirus. Types 16 and 18 are generally acknowledged to cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases. Together with type 31, they are the prime risk factors for cervical cancer. Genital warts are caused by various strains of HPV which are usually not related to cervical cancer. The medically accepted paradigm, officially endorsed by the American Cancer Society and other organizations, is that a patient must have been infected with HPV to develop cervical cancer, and is hence viewed as a sexually transmitted disease, but most women infected with high risk HPV will not develop cervical cancer.
The American Cancer Society provides the following list of risk factors for cervical cancer: human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, HIV infection, chlamydia infection, dietary factors, hormonal contraception, multiple pregnancies, exposure to the hormonal drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) and a family history of cervical cancer. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the precursor to cervical cancer, is often diagnosed on examination of cervical biopsies by a pathologist.
Until recently the Pap smear has remained the principal technology for preventing cervical cancer. Since more than 99% of invasive cervical cancers worldwide contain HPV, some researchers recommend that HPV testing be done together with routine cervical screening.HPV testing can reduce the incidence of grade 2 or 3 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or cervical cancer detected by subsequent screening tests among women 32-38 years old according to a randomized controlled trial. The relative risk reduction was 41.3%.
Together, HPV types 16 and 18 currently cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases. Higher levels of vegetable consumption were associated with a 54% decrease risk of HPV persistence. Improving folate status in subjects at risk of getting infected or already infected with high-risk HPV may have a beneficial impact in the prevention of cervical cancer.
Prognosis depends on the stage of the cancer. With treatment, 80 to 90% of women with stage I cancer and 50 to 65% of those with stage II cancer are alive 5 years after diagnosis. Only 25 to 35% of women with stage III cancer and 15% or fewer of those with stage IV cancer are alive after 5 years.Thirty-five percent of patients with invasive cervical cancer have persistent or recurrent disease after treatment. Average years of potential life lost from cervical cancer are 25.3 (SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975-2000, National Cancer Institute (NCI)). Regular screening has meant that pre cancerous changes and early stage cervical cancers have been detected and treated early. Figures suggest that cervical screening is saving 5,000 lives each year in the UK by preventing cervical cancer.
About 1,000 women per year die of cervical cancer in the UK. Worldwide, cervical cancer is the fifth most deadly cancer in women. Among gynecological cancers it ranks behind endometrial cancer and ovarian cancer.The incidence of new cases of cervical cancer in the United States was 7 per 100,000 women in 2004. The incidence of new cases of cervical cancer in the United States was 7 per 100,000 women in 2004.
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